L’industrie automobile mondiale accuse le coup de la crise des semi-conducteurs qui a impacté considérablement les chaînes de production. Réduisant le rythme de travail, entraînant au passage l’arrêt de plusieurs sites de production.
Une situation qui a généré des réductions d’emplois et du chiffre d’affaires. Le Maroc n’a pas échappé à cette règle. Les trois sites de montage (Mellousa et Somaca pour Renault, et Kénitra pour Stellantis) ont réaménagé leur mode de fonctionnement en vue de s’adapter à ce nouvel environnement contraignant.
Cela s’explique par le fait que la majorité des composants concernés est importée. C’est au niveau de la distribution que ces effets sont nettement ressentis.
Les délais de livraison sont de plus en plus longs et les concessions fonctionnent avec un stock quasi nul. Au final, l’indisponibilité des véhicules conduit à une réduction du volume des ventes de voitures neuves.
Selon les projections les plus optimistes, la crise, qui a débuté au quatrième trimestre 2020, devrait se prolonger au moins jusqu’à la fin de 2022, voire jusqu’en 2023.
Alors que le royaume a fait de la filière automobile l’un des fleurons du secteur industriel, on peut néanmoins se demander s’il peut réellement investir cette activité ? Et la réponse est à priori oui, d’autant que le pays ambitionne d’améliorer son taux d’intégration, avec en sus le développement de segments à forte valeur ajoutée.
Ce qui permettra au Maroc de renforcer son écosystème d’équipementiers, dont l’essentiel de la production est destiné à l’export. Mais il faut préciser que le lancement des sites de production dans ce domaine implique un processus assez très complexe.
«La fabrication des semi-conducteurs obéit à plusieurs contraintes à la fois financière, technologique, logistique et de stratégie sectorielle. En effet, les grandes entreprise spécialisées dans ce domaine sont essentiellement concentrées dans les pays du sud-est asiatique maîtrisant toutes la chaîne de production.
Les groupes chinois, quant à eux, possèdent des entreprises dédiées à l’approvisionnement des matières premières, de transport ou de transformation.
Ce qui leur permet de réaliser une importante économie d’échelle», a indiqué Youssef Idrissi, professeur d’économie industrielle à l’université Hassan II de Casablanca.
Le processus de production qui est également compliqué peut s’étaler sur plus de 5 mois entre le début de la production et l’emballage des puces prêtes à être expédiées.
Les machines utilisées pour la fabrication des plaquettes de silicium sont extrêmement coûteuses et produites sur commande. Un problème unique caractérise l’automobile, dans la mesure où des capacités supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour un large éventail de nœuds technologiques.
«Les fabricants des semi-conducteurs doivent fournir non seulement les constructeurs automobiles, mais aussi les fabricants de smartphones, d’appareils électroniques, de PC portables et d’appareils électroménagers, qui sont pour la plupart des géants mondiaux avec un volume de production conséquent.
Ils sont contraints de faire des arbitrages en fonction de leur intérêt stratégique. Il faut noter que même au niveau de l’automobile, il existe aussi des priorités.
Le professeur Idrissi explique que « le segment des voitures électriques est de plus en plus apprécié, et les constructeurs voient un intérêt de s’y positionner et de ce fait gagner des parts de marché.
Pour le Maroc, le lancement de ce genre de filière doit obéir au même schéma, l’idée étant d’inciter un géant mondial à investir au pays. Le soutien du gouvernement est indispensable dans ce cas de figure».
Pour lancer des usines de ce genre, les investisseurs ont besoin de visibilité à long terme. Ils doivent cibler des partenariats et des contrats avec les constructeurs parce que les projets sont très capitalistiques et nécessitent un niveau de technicité élevé.
Les sites de production doivent être accompagnés par des centres de R&D pour être à la pointe de la technologie et avoir un suivi concernant les tendances du marché.
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