La nouvelle politique tarifaire intervient alors que Pékin cherche à sécuriser ses importations de produits agricoles, de minerais et d’hydrocarbures, dans un contexte de fortes perturbations des chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales.
La Chine a supprimé depuis le jeudi 1er septembre, les droits de douane sur 98% des produits importés de 16 pays parmi les moins avancés, dont neuf d’Afrique.
Annoncée en août dernier, la nouvelle politique tarifaire couvre les importations en provenance de la République centrafricaine, du Tchad, de Djibouti, de l’Erythrée, de la Guinée, du Mozambique, du Rwanda, du Soudan et du Togo, ainsi que de sept autres pays situés en Asie et dans la région du Pacifique Sud.
Ce démantèlement tarifaire fait suite à l’annonce par le président chinois Xi Jinping, lors de la 8e conférence ministérielle du Forum sur la coopération sino-africaine (FOCAC 8) tenue à Dakar en novembre 2021, de l’intention de Pékin d’augmenter ses importations de produits agricoles en provenance d’Afrique.
Le dirigeant chinois avait alors indiqué que l’objectif était de porter les importantes chinoises en provenance du continent africain à 100 milliards de dollars par an à partir de 2022, puis à 300 milliards de dollars par an à l’horizon 2035.
Selon des données publiées mi-août par l’administration générale de la douane chinoise, les échanges commerciaux entre l’empire du Milieu et l’Afrique ont atteint 137,4 milliards de dollars au premier semestre 2022, en hausse de 16,6% par rapport à la même période de 2021.
Entre le 1er janvier et le 30 juin de l’année en cours, les importations chinoises en provenance d’Afrique ont augmenté de 19,1 % en glissement annuel pour s’établir à 60,6 milliards de dollars. Durant la même période, les exportations de la Chine vers le continent africain se sont quant à elles chiffrées à 76,8 milliards de dollars. Ce qui représente une hausse de 14,7% sur un an.
La plupart des exportations chinoises vers l’Afrique sont des produits finis (textile, machines, électronique, etc.) tandis que les exportations africaines vers l’empire du Milieu sont dominées par les matières premières et les produits non transformés, d’où un excédent commercial en faveur de la Chine.
En 2021, les échanges commerciaux entre la Chine et l’Afrique avaient enregistré une hausse de 35,3 % en glissement annuel pour s’établir à 254,3 milliards de dollars.
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