Depuis quelques décennies, les trains circulent au ralenti dans plusieurs pays du continent africain et les conséquences sont énormes pour certaines villes qui sont devenues inertes sur le plan économique comme à Thiès au Sénégal ou Kayes au Mali. Manque d’investissements, mauvaise gestion des infrastructures, vétusté du matériel roulant, concurrence de la route et surtout l’absence de vision dans la politique ferroviaire. Ce sont les maux dont souffre essentiellement le transport ferroviaire en Afrique.
Pourtant, le chemin de fer avait pris un bon départ et son histoire est pratiquement liée à celle de l’époque coloniale. Dès 1854, le dirigeant égyptien Mohammed Ali Pacha construit une ligne ferroviaire entre Kafr et Zaiyat avec l’ingénieur britannique Robert Stephan. Ce qui marque la date de naissance de l’Egyptian State Railway (ESR), la plus ancienne compagnie ferroviaire africaine.
En Afrique subsaharienne, c’est en 1885 que le Sénégal a inauguré la première liaison ferroviaire Saint-Louis-Dakar. Il s’en est suit la ligne Dakar-Niger en 1900 qui permettait d’acheminer facilement les matières premières des zones de production vers les villes portuaires.
Ainsi, on assistait à la naissance d’une véritable économie ferroviaire permettant la connexion entre l’Océan Atlantique à Dakar et le majestueux fleuve Niger. Nombreux étaient des villes ou familles qui vivaient de cette économie du train. Cependant, force est de reconnaitre que le déclin du train en Afrique a coïncidé avec les politiques d’ajustements structurels subies par beaucoup de pays africains.
Si l’héritage du colonisateur est insuffisant en termes de réseau ferroviaire (Dakar-Bamako : 1287 km), il a surtout permis de léguer des rails, du savoir-faire et surtout une culture ferroviaire. Certains gouvernements qui ont suivi après les indépendances ont mal exploité cet héritage et les rails abandonnés sont témoins de cette histoire.
Néanmoins, il y a certains Etats africains qui ont pu profiter de ce legs tels que les pays de l’Afrique du Nord qui disposent d’un système moderne de transport par voie ferrée incluant Tramway, Metro et TGV. L’Office National du Chemin de Fer (ONCF) du Maroc illustre bien la réussite maghrébine dans le domaine du chemin de fer.
D’ailleurs, on retrouve cette dynamique presque dans tout le continent africain où les Etats marquent leur volonté manifeste de faire « renaitre » le train avec une politique ferroviaire à l’image du Sénégal où le Train Express Régional (TER) est entré en activité. Ce qui n’a pas été du goût des défenseurs de la réhabilitation de la ligne ferroviaire Dakar-Bamako, symbole du déclin chemin de fer entre ces deux pays.
Aujourd’hui, beaucoup de pays africains ont compris que le développement économique passe fondamentalement par une bonne politique ferroviaire : c’est un outil d’intégration et d’émergence d’une nation.
Thierno Abdoulaye DIALLO
Directeur de Publication
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